Imperialism+in+the+Middle+East

=Imperialism in the Middle East=

Research sites:
Davidson, Frank P., and Kathleen Lusk Brooke. "Suez Canal." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 May 2010. <[]>.

"Mohammed Ali Jinnah." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 May 2010. <[]>.

Holt, P. M. "Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad al- (1844–1885)." //Encyclopedia Americana//. 2010. Grolier Online. 2 May. 2010 <[]>.

Winder, R. Bayly. "Wahhabism." //Encyclopedia Americana//. 2010. Grolier Online. 2 May. 2010 <[]>.

"Saudi Arabia." //Encyclopedia Americana//. 2010. Grolier Online. 5 May. 2010

"Suez Canal Company." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 6 May 2010.

"Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 9 May 2010.

"Sudan." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 10 May 2010.

"India." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 10 May 2010. <[]>.

"Egypt." //World History: The Modern Era//. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 10 May 2010. <[]>.

Term Notes
Timeline: media type="custom" key="6086433"
 * Mohammed Ali Jinnah**
 * 1) Born December 25, 1876 in wealthy family
 * 2) Attended Sind Madrasasah High School in 1887, then mission high school
 * 3) Helped get Dadabhai Naoroji (an Indian nationalist) elected to the British Parliament
 * 4) 1n 1896, went back to India and started a law firm
 * 5) In 1906, he heard a speech that convinced him that British imperialism was not good for Indians
 * The speech convinced him to take action
 * 1) Became involved by joining the Imperial Legislative Council
 * 2) In 1913, joined the All-India Muslim League, which called for more Muslim rights
 * 3) Slowly became more anti-British- helped make the Lucknow Pact, which brought Muslims and Hindus together against the British
 * 4) In 1919, Jinnah resigned from the Imperial Legislative Council in protest of British policies
 * 5) Then, however, he slowly began to change his mind and become more pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu
 * 6) Eventually believed that 2 separate nations would be best: one for Muslims and one for Hindus
 * 7) Violence in 1946 between the Hindus and Muslims led the British to also think that a two state solution would be best.
 * 8) On July 18, 1947, the British approved the creation of India and Pakistan
 * Jinnah became the leader of Pakistan
 * He had major problems early on, but died before he really got a chance to tackle them
 * Died on September 11, 1948
 * Wahhabism**
 * 1) "Puritan Muslim reform movement"
 * 2) Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab founded it in 1744
 * 3) He believed that Islam was corrupted, so he tried to make it more pure
 * 4) Basically a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam
 * He thought that Muslims should follow Islamic holy law more closely:
 * Hated saint worship and thought that Muslims should only worship Muhammad
 * Other ideas such as the separation of men and women, simple clothing, and no wine or tobacco
 * 1) He returned to his hometown of Nejd, where he allied with a local ruler to gain power
 * They established power, but were defeated by an Ottoman Sultan in 1818
 * People adhering to Wahhabism regained power in 1824
 * Then defeated in 1838, then regained power in 1842, then defeated in 1891, then regained power in 1900
 * 1) That Kingdom eventually led to the formation of the Saudi Arabian government
 * That was because having a religious backing gave the local ruler ( Muḥammad Ibn Saud) and his descendants/ the rulers following him reason to expand and "political authority."
 * Suez Canal**
 * 1) Completed in 1869
 * 2) 101 miles long, through the desert
 * 3) Goes through lakes on journey from Port Said (in the Mediterranean) to Suez (on the Red Sea)
 * 4) The Canal was the driving force behind British occupation of Egypt in the 1800s and early 1900s
 * Britain wanted control of the canal to ensure that it was peaceful so that Britain could continue to make a profit from the trade that resulted from it.
 * 1) Originally, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea were thought to be 30 feet apart in height, which would pose a problem
 * Engineers in the 15th century believed this, but it was later disproved
 * 1) Ferdinand de Lesseps in the 1850s was the driving force behind the canal
 * 2) Over 1.5 million people worked on the canal
 * 3) On November 17, 1869, the canal opened
 * 4) In 1875, the United Kingdom gained a controlling interest in the Suez Canal Company
 * 5) The canal was meant to be open to all nations
 * This was put into writing during the international Suez Canal Convention of 1888
 * However, the United Kingdom did not sign it until 1904
 * 1) 1952: Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company after Britain pulled out of Egypt
 * Furious Western countries stopped providing Nasser and Egypt with weapons, so he got them from the Soviet Union
 * Israel, supported by France and Britain, invaded Egypt to gain control of the canal.
 * Eventually, they withdrew and Egypt hadn't lost anything
 * But, the US helped Egypt rebuild in order to improve relations and keep Egypt from developing closer ties to the Soviet Union.
 * Mahdi**
 * 1) Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi is his full name
 * 2) Born August 12, 1844 in Kordofan (on the Nile river, present day Sudan)
 * 3) Joined several religious brotherhoods while growing up
 * 4) 1860s: lived on an island in the Nile and preached about the oppression of the Egyptian rulers
 * At the time, Egypt was controlled by a khedive, or viceroy (governor), who worked for the Ottoman empire; the government was very incompetent
 * In 1882, the British government invaded and took over Egypt
 * So, the native people were very open to ideas of reform and rebellion
 * 1) 1880: Mahdi traveled through Sudan and became angered at the corruption
 * 2) He turned his followers into an army and proclaimed that he was the Mahdi (basically the Messiah)
 * 3) He had a large force, which resulted in victories: his force was named the Ansar
 * 4) 1883: the Egyptian army attacked his force at El Obeid, a fortress, and was annihilated
 * 5) The people saw the victories as resulting from the religious beliefs of Mahdi, and that caused them to hold little back when getting revenge on the Egyptians: they were brutal
 * 6) 1884: Only one city remained that was not under the Mahdi's control
 * A British general was sent to evacuate that city, but he decided that he would instead fortify and protect the city
 * After a year, the city fell to the Ansar in the Battle of Khartoum in early 1885
 * The general was beheaded and Mahdi began to organize his captured lands into a government
 * 1) However, the Mahdi died of Typhus on June 22, 1885
 * 2) Currently, he is remembered as a hero in Sudan for leading the revolution