Latin+America

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Jose de San Martin
 * born in Argentina on February 25th 1778
 * he moved to Madrid at the age of 7 to an aristocratic school
 * 1811 he resigns his military career in Spain
 * 1812 arrives in Buenos Aires with some friends; marries Maria remedies de Escalada; served to the United Provinces of South America
 * 1813 battle of San Lorenzo
 * 1814 takes control of the North Army
 * "Soon after being San Martin in Tucuman, he realized that it was impossible to conquer Lima city, the capital of Peru, that was the center of the Spanish power, by the terrestrial way of the highs of the Andes. He conceived the idea of crossing the mountain range to Chile and to attack the city of Lima by sea way"
 * 1817 "the crossing of the army begins" with 4000 men called "Army of the Andes"
 * 1821 Peru is independent
 * 1824 moved to France because he wanted to exclude himself from politics and the military so he unexpectedly left
 * Jose is considered the national hero of Argentina

Toussaint L'Ouverture
 * born in 1743
 * he was born into slavery because his father was brought to Haiti as a slave
 * Roman Catholic, his faith had an effect on his actions and personality
 * he had an innate skill for leadership
 * he is considered one of the greatest leaders of all time but he was still a slave no matter what
 * his master was liberal, he allowed Toussaint to read and write while being a house servant
 * at the age of 33 he gained his freedom just before the slaves had a massive revolt against the whites
 * he was part of the revolt but he acted as a doctor
 * after the revolt, Toussaint remained on the French portion of Haiti instead of the Spanish side where more black leaders fled to
 * he went to the Spanish side of Haiti when the French side turned from a monarchy to a republic
 * becuase of his success on the Spanish side, the French wanted him back
 * 1794 abolish of slavery--> he returned to the French side
 * he defeated the Spanish from taking over the French portion when he returned to the French
 * -Toussaint began improving the island in these ways
 * implementing social reforms
 * not picking advisers and government based on race, he picked them based on their ability and performing a task
 * constructed roads, repaired forts, enhanced agriculture, built schools
 * to keep the economy stable, he promised the plantation owners their jobs but only for payment, but the blacks were not satisfied with this and so they rose up against him, led by Toussaint's nephew
 * 1802 Napoleon sent an army of 20,000 men against Toussaint
 * May of 1802 Toussaint accepted a peace treaty with Leclerc which ensures Haiti's independence and ended the fighting
 * during a meeting with Leclerc, he was captured and put into a dungeon by Leclerc under Napoleon's orders
 * April 7, 1803 Toussaint died of apoplexy, pneumonia and starvation
 * after he died, Napoleon gave Haiti their independence by selling it in the Louisiana Purchase
 * Toussaint's fight for freedom for the slaves and for Haiti granted Haiti their independence


 * Simon Bolivar:**
 * Born july 24th 1783
 * Lost his father in 1786
 * He inherited a large fortune
 * Did have an education and was very passionate about liberating south amercia from spain
 * Was very focused on literary persuit
 * "His victories over the Spaniards won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. He is called //El Liberator// (The Liberator) and the "George Washington of South America."1
 * Helped capture Carcas in 1810 which resulted in freedom from spain.
 * Captured bogata 1814
 * Was a dictator in Anogostra
 * Took over colombia in 1819
 * Was a presedent in December 17, 1819
 * Dictator of Peru
 * Bolivia was named after bolivar because of his great "honor"
 * He made up the constitution for Bolivia

1) "History of Simon Bolivar." //Welcome to Bolivar Missouri - Local Interests, Business, Schools, and News!// Web. 10 May 2010. <[]>.

Miguel Hidalgo:
 * Born into middle class
 * Had bachelors degree in theory
 * Ordained in 1778
 * "Hidalgo's rebellion was the beginning of what would become the Mexican War of Independence. Although he was unsuccessful in his original aim, Hidalgo's efforts were followed by those of Jose Maria Morelos and Agustin de Iturbide who brought down the colonial governments of Spain in Mexico. Hidalgo is considered the Father of the Nation of Mexico." 2
 * Was a leader outside of the church! He helped lead the Mexican war of independence
 * The motive of The Mexican war was for Mexican independence.
 * Captured March 21, 1811. then killed july 30 1811

Monroe doctrine: On December 2, 1823, President James Monroe delivered a message to the Congress that supported the independence of the Western hemisphere. The Monroe doctrine also protected the United States from being colonized by any European powers.

2)"Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla: Biography from Answers.com." //Answers.com: Wiki Q&A Combined with Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedias//. Web. 11 May 2010. .

**Kapiszewski, Diana, and Alexander Kazan.** //**Encyclopedia of Latin American Politics**//**. Westport, Conn.: Oryx, 2002. Print.** //**Latin America, History and Culture**//**. New York: Scribner, 1999. Print.Wood, James A,, and John Charles Chasteen.**
 * BOOKS:**

//**Problems in Modern Latin American History: Sources and Interpretations**//**. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. Print.**